Effect of sugar price increases on food sellers

Effect of sugar price increases on food sellers The consumers in Malaysia have variety of menus for their daily diet, and sugar is one of the most important ingredients. Thus the market of sugar is an important factor to Malaysias economy. At the end of 2009, the government intended to decrease the subsidy of sugar. The purpose of this proposal was to promote a healthier lifestyle.  [1]  The cheap price of sugar has lead to overconsumption. There is 105% increase in overweight or obese Malaysians from 1996 to 2006.  [2]  Early 2010, the government has increased the price of sugar by RM0.20. However the increment was not because of the decrement sugars subsidy but it was because the increase in price of raw commodity.  [3]  In 16th July 2010, government decrease the sugar subsidy by RM0.25. This is one part in Malaysias subsidy rationalisation process. When the price of sugar in Malaysia was being compared to sugar price in other region, it was proven that sugars price in Malaysia is much lowered. Compared to sugar price in Thailand which is RM2.60, Malaysia is only RM1.90. It does not surprise us at all when Malaysias subsidised goods were being smuggled to neighbouring countries.  [4]   The government would have to spend RM1.26 billion if the price of sugar maintain at RM1.45 per kilogram. As the price of sugar had increased to RM1.90 per kilogram, the subsidies now worth almost RM1 billion only. Government only need to spend RM0.80 for every kilogram of sugar.  [5]  The government spending is reduced and through this rationalisation process has gave many benefits to Malaysia which will be discussed later. Although there were many benefits were gained, the increased in sugars price gives large impact to the food industry and the consumers. However, this research will focus on the impacts of increase in sugars price to the small food sellers in Shah Alam. I chose to do this research in Shah Alam mainly because I want to study on how the increase in price of sugar affects an industrial area. In Malaysia, there is only four main sugar factory; one of them is in Shah Alam which is Central Sugar Refinery (CSR). The research would be interesting to conduct, since the supply can easily distribute to the consumers. This factor, in theory, should have created a more efficient market for the food industries. Besides that, increment in price of sugar likely to be happen again in the future time as the government wants to decrease the sugars subsidy gradually. So, by doing this research, I can educate the society to prepare themselves on the consequences that they might face in the future. In the beginning of the research, I am expecting the food sellers in Shah Alam to be slightly affected by the increase in price of sugar. The food sellers will increase the price of their product and the demand of their product will decrease. 2.0 The Research 2.1 Objectives This research main aim is to study the effects of increase in price of sugar to food sellers in Shah Alam. Yet, in completing the investigation, this research has a few objectives that need to be obtain in order to answer the research question. To determine the effect of increase in the price of sugar to its supply, costs and income of the food sellers. To identify the demand of the sugar after the price of sugar has increased. To investigate the causes of sugar shortages in Shah Alam. To investigate the condition and operation of the market of sugar after four months of price of sugar has increased. To find any recommendation on this issue. 2.2 Hypothesis The hypothesis is: In the short run the food sellers in Shah Alam were only slightly affected by the increase in price of sugar. The food sellers will increase the price of their product and the demand of their product will decrease. 2.3 Methods Three methods had been chosen to be used in this research. Each method was done specifically to obtain the objectives that had been set before. Interview The first method chosen is through interview. The interview was done to investigate the supply-side after the price of sugar has increased. It involved ten food sellers and two grocery retailers in Shah Alam and six bakeries had been chosen for the interview. The result is assumed to represent the whole area of Shah Alam. The aim of the interviews is to achieve the first, second, third and fourth objective (2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.1.4 and 2.1.5). The questions to be asked for interviews can be referred in Appendix A. Surveys Aside than the interview, a survey was done also to achieve the second objective (2.1.2). The survey was in the form of questionnaires and involved residents around Shah Alam which were chosen randomly (Appendix B). Secondary research The last method chosen through the secondary research; which were through internet and library research. This method was conducted to achieve the fourth objective (2.1.4 and 2.1.5). 2.4 Theoretical Framework The theories that support the aims of this study are as below: Theory / Term Definition Law of Demand As the price of a product falls, the quantity demanded of the product will usually increase, ceteris paribus  [6]  . Law of Supply As the price of product rises, the quantity supplied of the product will usually increase, ceteris paribus. Elasticity of demand A measure of how much the demand of a product changes when there is a change in one of the factors that determine demand. Price elasticity of demand (PED) A measure of how much the quantity demanded of a product changes when there is a change in the price of the product. Elastic demand PED is greater than one and less than infinity. A change in the price of the products leads to a greater than proportionate change in the quantity demanded of it. Inelastic demand The value of PED less than one and greater than zero. A change in the price of the product leads to a proportionally smaller change in the quantity demanded of it. Subsidy An amount of money paid by the government to a firm, per unit of output. 2.5 Scope of Research This research will study the market mechanism of sugar and food around Shah Alam (microeconomics). The demand of sugar is studied to determine whether removal of subsidy has impact on it. This research will focus on the demand side and supply side of food to study the implications of increase in sugars price. 3.0 Data Collection and Analysis The following results obtained from the research done. The results are based on the surveys and interviews that represent the whole community of food sellers and bakers in Shah Alam. 3.1 The supply side of the food market sold by the food sellers The supply curve for the food Effect increment of price of sugar on 1st January to the supply of food: The supply curve of Graph 1 has shifted to left, which caused the lowering supply of food by the food sellers in Shah Alam. The reduction is approximated to be 10%. However, there were 10% increments in the supply of food after four months shown by Graph 2. Average price of food (RM) S2 P2 pP S1 P1 0 Q2 10% Q1 Average quantity of food Graph 1: Supply of food after the price of sugar increased on 1st January 2010 Average price of food (RM) S2 S3 P3 P2 Q2 10% Q3 Average quantity of food Graph 2 : Supply of food after four months of the increment of price of sugar on 1st January 2010 On 16th July 2010, when the price of sugar increased, the food sellers increased their food supply about 25%. The price of food. To take the price of food as example could be difficult because there are ranges of food. Hence I chose Teh Tarik as example. Teh Tarik is a type of drink that is popular in Malaysia. It is actually a type of tea that is made by special technique by Malaysian and being drink by all races in Malaysia. Period of time Before 1st January 2010 1st January 2010 16th July 2010 Price of teh tarik, RM per glass 1.20 1.50 1.80 Table 1: The increase in price of food The price of food continue to increase because to the increment on the cost of production. Income of the food sellers Due to the severity of the situation in the market during the increase in price of sugar, all the income of the food sellers has decreased. The average decrement in income faced by them was 20% after the price of sugar had increased on 1st January. After four months, the average increment in income is 20% back to the equilibrium  [7]  . Then when the price of sugar increased again on 16th July, the average decrement in income was 30%. After one month, the average increment in income is 20% (Refer Graph 3) The costs of production. From the interview, all samples reported an increment in the costs of production. The costs had increased for 13.8% after the price of sugar had increased on 1st January and the increment shown by Graph 5. When the price of sugar increased in 16th July, the cost increased to 10.1% from the previous cost. This cost is variable cost  [8]  . The market is considered to be short run (1st Jan) and long run (16th July). (Refer Graph 4). Cost, RM 10.1% AVC3 13.8% AVC2 AVC1 Graph 4: The average variable cost of production Average quantity of food The detail on the cost is shown in Appendix A. 3.1.5 Measures taken by food sellers to overcome the problem. The measures taken by the food sellers to overcome the cost experienced are:- Increase the price of the product Decrease the quantity of product being sold Decrease the amount of sugar in the product Extent the sales time 3.2 The demand side of the food market The demand shows the significance effect of increase in price of sugar to the food market and the sugar market itself. 3.2.1 The demand for sugar when the price of sugar increased. The demand for sugar has increased when the price of sugar increased on 1st January. Even though, the price of sugar increase again in 16th January, the demand for sugar continue to increased. Hence the demand curve shifted to the right for both situations. Price of sugar, RM/kg P D1 D2 0 Q1 Q2 Quantity of sugar, kg Graph 6 : The demand for sugar when the price of sugar increased. 3.2.2 The demand of food after the sugar price had increase When the price of sugar increased on 1st January, the demand of food decreased. However after four months, the food demand was back to normal. Then on 16th July, although the price of sugar continued to decrease, the demand of food at Shah Alam also continue to increase. The increment was about 15%. 4.0 Evaluation In this section, we will investigate the behaviour of the demand and supply and how exactly it had affected the food retailers and bakers in Shah Alam when the price of sugar increased. 4.1 The market mechanism of sugar when the price of sugar had increased The demand of sugar continued to increase after 1st Jan and 16th July even though the price had increased. The consumption of sugar in Malaysia is about 1.3 tonnes and up to two million tonnes of refined sugar is produced annually  [9]  . The PED  [10]  for sugar after 1st Jan is 2.175. This indicates that the sugar has inelastic demand. According to the theory, if a product has elastic demand, then if price is raised, the quantity demanded will fall by more in comparison and so the total revenue gained by the firm will fall. However, the demand of sugar continued to increase; was not following the theory. Government noticed that the demand of sugar was not affected by the increased in price. Then they proceed with rationalisation subsidy and increased the price of sugar by RM0.25 on 16th July. New PED was created which was 0.66. The new PED indicating that demand of sugar was inelastic and this also gave a signal to the government that the market of sugar was back to normal. Sugar is a necessity product therefore it should have inelastic demand. The increment on price of sugar on 16th July was a first step for rationalisation subsidy programme. The government continued with this programme and on 4th December, the price of sugar was increased again.  [11]   Price of sugar, RM/kg 1.90 1.65 a D b c Q2 Q1 Quantity of sugar, kg Graph 7: The demand of sugar Based on the Graph 7, if a good has inelastic demand, before the price is raised, the revenue gained is equal to revenue box b+revenue box c. After the price is increased, revenue box c is loss and revenue box a is gained in return. Thus holding in this theory, government is expected to decrease the sugars subsidy, increase the total revenue and at the same time, hopefully decrease the consumption of sugar to promote healthier lifestyle. After 1st Jan, the increase in price of sugar gave a shocking experience to citizen in Shah Alam even around Malaysia itself. In short run, the behaviour of the market was not stable. Mostly this was because consumers are afraid if the price of sugar is going to increase and sugar shortages are likely to happen. Malaysia offers the lowest price of sugar in the region and hence sugar are being smuggles to countries nearby. (see Table 2) Country Price of sugar (RM) Malaysia 2.10 Indonesia 3.50 Singapore 3.80 Thailand 2.80 Table 2: Different price of sugar among different countries in the region on September 2010.  [12]   In the long run (16th July), the demand of sugar continued to increase but proportionally. Consumer knows about rationalisation programme and the quantity demanded continued to increase because of festive season. 4.2 Importance of rationalisation of subsidy In 2008, sugar has not been subsidised. It started in 2009 when the price of raw sugar increased from US$220 per metric tonne to US$440. Earlier 2010 the government decided to remove the subsidy gradually as the price of raw sugar increased to US$660.  [13]   Price of sugar (RM) S + subsidy (3) S + subsidy (2) S 1.65 1.90 3.00 S + subsidy (1) S + subsidy (1) P3 1.45 Graph 7: Removal of subsidy on sugar 0 Qe Q3 Q2 Q1 Based on Graph 7, subsidy was first given (S+subsidy(1)) and then it was reduced gradually. Consumers are indirectly affected as the government will use tax revenues to fund the subsidies and involves an opportunity cost in terms of reduced government spending on other things. Importance of removal of subsidy. The benefit of subsidy is manipulated by the wealthy, foreigners and large firms. The large firms manipulate the use of subsidies and better off compared to the poor citizen. Reduce deficit and national debt. Thus achieve the development goals. Malaysia have to import 99% sugar supply.  [14]  According to the law of demand, when the price of a good increased, the quantity demanded of the good will fall. Therefore when the subsidy is reduced, the sugar demand will decrease, hence the imports will decrease too. Thus the amount of deficit will fall. From 1998 to 2009, the deficit increased from RM5 billion to RM47 billion. The national debt is rising to RM362 billion. If the government debt continues to increase at rate of 12% per annum, Malaysia could go bankrupt by 2019 (RM1158 billion debt) and ended up like Greece. In order to save the country, Malaysia needs to increase its GDP  [15]  and reduce government expenditure. Government spent RM74 billion in 2009 for subsidy and RM3.4 billion was for food. When sugars subsidy is removed gradually by RM0.20 until 2012, by 2014, Malaysia will save RM1237 million. Deficit and debt will be reduced by RM103 billion in five years.  [16]   Reduce opportunity cost and use the spending in other sectors or even for merit goods. Part of New Economic Model and 10th Malaysia Plan. Improve competitiveness and ensure optimal utilization of resources.  [17]   Malaysias competitive index has improved from 18th to 10th.  [18]   4.3 Food market mechanism when the price of sugar increased in short run. Average price of food, RM S1 S2 E3 P3 E1 Q1 E2 P2 P1 D2 D1 Average quantity of food, Q 10% Q1 Q3 Q2 Graph 8: Average demand and average supply of the market of food when the price of sugar increased in 1st January E1 was the equilibrium of the market of food when the price of sugar is not increased while E2 and E3 shows the new equilibrium when the price of sugar increased. The movement of D1 and S1 looks insignificant; however the reduction is big enough to cause the income of the food retailers to decrease significantly. There was 10% decrement for both supply and demand. This was caused by three factors which are substitutes, real income and government policies (campaign). Average price of food, RM There are wide range types of foods; hence there are a lot of substitutes (determinants). When the price of food increased, consumers tend to find other substitutes even in short run. This caused the demand curve to shift to the left from D1 to D2. The second factor was real income of consumers decreased; purchasing power decreases. When the price of sugar increased, many goods increase their price due to production cost increased. CPI  [19]  mostly for all types of goods increased (Refer Appendix C). Therefore real income of consumer decreased and they choose to decrease the amount of food to buy and rather cook by themselves. The third factor was government policies (campaign). One of the main objectives of government to increase the price of sugar was to create awareness among consumer to decrease the amount of sugar consumed. This was also the objectives of 5M campaign which to decrease the amount of sugar consumed. From this campaign, the consumer a void from buying ready food because the food sold contains a lot of sugar and it is not healthy. 4.4 Food market mechanism when the price of sugar increased in long run. The second increment of sugar is accepted as a long run increment because the consumer was aware of rationalisation subsidy programme. Price of food, RM E1 S1 S1 P3 E2 Q5 Q4 Q3 Q1 15% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% D2 S2 D1 P2 P1 D1 Average quantity of food, Q Q2 Graph 9: The demand and supply side of food when the price of sugar increased on 16th July The graph shows that the demand and supply curve shift to the right. The supply increased by 25% while the demand increased by 15%. This is due to festive season (seasonal changes) stated earlier. The consumer had to increase their demand for food as it were necessity for them. Aware of this situation, the food sellers increased the food supply to generate more income. From the surveys conducted the public are aware of the increment in the price of sugar and of course the price of food. Most of them decreased the act of buying food because there are a lot of choices in Shah Alam. There are many wet markets, supermarkets and hypermarkets. The consumer can buy raw materials and cook their food themselves and save their money.(Appendix C) However, when the festive season came, there are traditions in Malaysia where there are markets that sell variety of ready foods in this season. Therefore many consumers increased their consumption of foods because of the festive season. In addition, Malaysian has the habit of accepting government plan even though at the beginning they were not satisfied. As time passes by, they accept it as they know it is for their own good; hence the market mechanism of food is back to normal in long run. 4.5 The burdens that increased price of sugar had caused to the food sellers. From the interviews conducted, the increased price of sugar affects the income of the food sellers and increases the cost of productions. Average price of food, RM D2 D1 S1 S2 P1 E1 E2 P1 Loss of income Average quantity of food, Q Q2 Q1 Graph 9: Income of the food sellers At the beginning, the income of the food sellers was 0P1E1Q1. This was the equilibrium level of income of the food sellers. At this level, the food sellers can support all type of costs. The food retailers live a comfortable life until their income decreased to 0P1E2Q2. The grey area is around 20% percentage loss from the real income. The food sellers had to decrease their expenditure because of less income. Not even the price of sugar has increased but other materials that needed for production of food also increased. The technology used could not be repair and no replacement investment  [20]  could be carried out. The sellers need to decrease their living expenses to resort the loss income. They also might need to use their savings especially the sellers that handle small business, hawkers. They will faced big impact as they did not gain a lot of income compared to larger business. Competition increased as food sellers compete to minimize the cost to lower the price of food, thus increase demand. The sellers reported that they did not agree by the decision of the government especially when the price of sugar increased. There were rumours that the government will increase the price of sugar again, hence the consumers were afraid and thus panic buying happened and the demand of sugar increased. This caused shortages. This affects the food sellers as they cannot find the supply of sugar. For small food sellers who used to buy sugar at mini market had to travel to find other suppliers as shortages of sugar happened. Even at the hypermarket, sugar supply is limited and each people restricted to buy only 2kg of sugar. This has increased the cost of production and also affects their emotion and the productivity. They even had to increase the price as geographical mobility affects pricing. In addition, inflation  [21]  (increased in CPI) gave additional burdens to the food sellers (Refer Appendix D) as the price of other products increases (increase in cost of production). Some of the food sellers need to lay off their workers and this caused unemployment rate to increase (Refer Appendix E) The food sellers had to take few measures to repair this situation. Among the measures taken, they had to extend the sales times and this actually burdened them as the labour cost increased. When they follow the government campaign to decrease the amount of sugar, this change the taste of the product and caused the taste of the consumer changed too. Mostly the measures taken do not help them but since food is a necessity and due to festive season, the demand increased. After four months, the demand increased heading towards equilibrium and so does the supply curve. The income increased as it was nothing happen. Fortunately, festive season came and the demand for food increased significantly. This helps the food sellers to gain back their loss profit. Aside from that, 50% of the consumer did not agree that by increasing the price of sugar, the citizen will decrease the consumption of sugar while the other half agree that by increasing the price of sugar, consumption of sugar will decrease. Not many consumers are aware that government decreased the subsidy to decrease the national debt. This shows that public is unaware of the countrys situation. Incomplete flow of information is one of the reasons of market failure. Therefore government interventions are needed to create awareness so that the public could help the country to increase the national income. On the other hand, the research made by the government reported that out of 191 592 Malaysians, 115 703 agree with subsidy rationalisation and 124 750 agree the subsidies should reduced in 3-5 years.  [22]   5.0 Conclusion Clearly this research has answered the research question. The food sellers did experience a lot of problems when the price of sugar increased. Shah Alam is the capital city and there is a sugar factory but the food sellers still faced sugar shortages. The cost of production increased the income are lowered. Their emotion are affected but only in short run. The living expenses being reduced and their way of life changed. Although, there were few measures taken, it still cannot fix the problems. Fortunately, the market of food had recovered by itself and fixed the problems faced. The demand increased and the income of food sellers increased. The loss is recovered. Government should be aware of the impact that could cause the food sellers and should give awareness to the consumer the problems faced by the country (See Appendix F for recommendation). The consumer should understand the burden faced by the food sellers and do not blame them when the price of their product increased. Maybe the consumer could decrease the consumption of import good and increase the consumption of local good instead, then reduce the deficit and hence to help the country. Consumers also can change the way their life by consuming less sugar or substitute with other type of sugar example brown sugar or any artificial sugar on market. (See Appendix G for sugar substitutes). With this sugar shortages will decrease and substitutes could promote healthier lifestyle. Nevertheless the balance of payments is now become more stable. The deficit already reduced (see Appendix H ) and the current account balance increased  [23]  (see Appendix H and I). However, the GDP growth rate annually decreased. This might due to decrease in government spending. Still, this situation is surprising because rationalisation subsidy programme should increase the GDP but contrary situation happened (see Appendix J). Further research can be done to investigate the reasons of this situation and market mechanism around Malaysia should be study especially the rural areas so that comparison can be made. 6.0 Limitations In this research, the exact figure could not be attained. The food sellers do not want to co-operate due to confidentiality. The workers also could not co-operate due to working policies that not allow any interviews. On the other occasion, the respondents do give response but the answers might incorrect, they simply answer it because the answer looks true. This research was carried out in Shah Alam, therefore the data could not represent all population. This research does not specific on one type of food. Hence the data might be inaccurate. However from the observation make, the data is reliable. Time constraint hindered the research progress.

Experiential Methods for Acquiring Self-Knowledge Essay -- Education C

Experiential Methods for Acquiring Self-Knowledge Do people ever know enough about themselves to determine the direction of their career journey? Various strategies have been developed to provide guidance toward this end; however, as the realities of work change due to such factors as global competition and new technologies, it is necessary to develop new awareness of self in relation to work. This Digest examines various processes by which learners of all ages, elementary to adult, can expand their self-knowledge--their interests and the importance of those interests to their personal satisfaction, their strength and weaknesses in relation to their interests, and the ways in which their interests and abilities are applicable in the changing social, economic, and work environments. Self-knowledge is the first of three integral competency areas in the National Career Development Guidelines (National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee 1989). The guidelines address the progressive acquisition throughout life of (1) knowledge of the influence of a positive self-concept; (2) skills to interact positively with others; and (3) understanding of the impact of growth and development. Studies conducted by Anderson (1995) and DaGiau (1995) among others demonstrate the influence that increased understanding of one's self-concept and its effect on roles and relationships has upon career maturity. According to Anderson (1995), "self-knowledge is a domain with many pathways" (p. 280). Historical self-knowledge--understanding of past experiences and influences that led to one's current level of development--is a key to shaping the future. Ask any first-time job seeker the main reason employers rejected them and they will ... ...llege, 1995. (ED 386 609) Lester, J. S., and Perry, N. S. Assessing Career Development with Portfolios. ERIC Digest. Greensboro, NC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and Student Services, 1995. (ED 391 110) Lock, R. D. Taking Charge of Your Career Direction: Career Planning Guide, Book 1. 3d ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1996. National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee. National Career Development Guidelines. Portland, OR: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 1989. (ED 317 874-880) Savoie, J. M., and Hughes, A. S. "Problem-based Learning as Classroom Solution." Educational Leadership 52, no. 3 (November 1994): 54-57. (EJ 492 914) Willis, S. "On the Cutting Edge of Assessment: Testing What Students Can Do with Knowledge." Education Update: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development 38, no. 4 (June 1996): 4-7.

Case report toshiba notebook Essay

In this case discussion we are going to discuss the Toshiba’s notebook assembly line. At this assembly line multiple laptops are produced every day with a combination of employers and robots. We will be looking at it from different ways so we can find multiple ways to enhance the efficiency of the assembly line. We have to look at it as an supply chain manager. This means investigating it and keeping in mind the numerous aspects that the assembly line is influenced by. If we look at the assembly line in this way we will be able to spot several problems which can be solved and can result in a more efficient assembly line. The most obvious problems we spot are the number of tasks per assembly line position. Another problem is that every workstations labour time various too much. This results in several bottlenecks that has negative effects on the efficiency and production time. They differ from 5 seconds to 120 seconds. If these two problems are solved we think the assembly line will be much more efficient and thus more profitable. The first problem we discussed is the number of tasks per assembly line. We see this as a problem because this isn’t how an assembly line should be. The essence of an assembly line is that at every station a simple task is done. Maybe two but it has to stay a simple action. This ensures a smooth flow of the production process. What you see at this assembly line is that there are three positions where one operator has to fulfil multiple tasks. This does not enhance the efficiency because the operator has to switch every time he finishes a single task. A solution for this problem is to implement more assembly line positions. This will result in a smoother and more efficient flow of the production. In a situation like that every operator has to do only one or two tasks instead of six. This is beneficial because when you look at the production of a car for instance. If you let one employer built one entire car it will take much longer than when you use an assembly line in which multiple employers are working at that car one after the other. The solution for this problem we named is to implement more assembly line positions. This means either to hire more employers or to install more robots. There has to be investigated whether this solution is cost-effective. If the purchase of a new robot does not result in a high enough efficiency rise there has to be considered another solution. The second problem we named is the difference in time between the workstations. The workstations vary between 5 and 120 seconds per task(s). this creates problems because when the production times are not more or less the same, bottlenecks are formed. When a situation like that occurs, production processes that do run fast, have to slow down in order to be at the same pace as the slower ones. This means that that production process is not producing at its most efficient rate. There are two ways of solving this problem. The first one is to make a proper arrangement of the different tasks. Another way is to make the labour time shorter. A way of doing this is to re-arrange the tasks. Not the sequence in which they are done but the content of the tasks itself. If you change the content you can establish a shorter labour time. Our first solution of changing the arrangement of the tasks can be combined with the very first problem. Therefore we suggest to try the first solution first to reach an high as possible efficiency level as possible. If the goals are reached with the first solution alone you do not have to use the second solution. You can consider the second solution but if the first solution alone guarantees the wanted goals you can save money by not using the second solution. Apart from these two solutions there are multiple ways to improve your assembly line. We have chosen for these two ways because we believe these two are most worth for your money. What we mean by saying this is that for the amount of money you have to invest at first, you get the most profit of. You can for instance purchase the most modern robots and create the perfect working conditions but you have to consider the profits against the initial wages. Our solutions can be explained with this precedence graph. Our first solution can be used very easy. Our first solution was to use more assembly line points. As you can see in this graph the last three positions are not used. On these empty spots new assembly line point can be created. In this way you can divide the different tasks over the assembly line. This results in a shorter labour time. Our second solution can also be explained with this graph. As you can see there is a very big difference between the various labour times. If you make sure these labour times are more or less the same the flow of production will be a lot smoother and thus more efficient and quicker. This solution can be combined with the first one. If you are going to make the assembly line longer by dividing the tasks over more points you can, at the same time, make the labour times more coherent. We think that our solutions will provide a sustainable situation in which the production process runs a lot smoother and more efficient. The reason why we think our solutions are the most cost-profitable is because you can combine them. By changing one thing, you solve two things which both result in a more efficient, faster, smoother and more profitable assembly line.

General Musharraf and Engineered Democracy essays

General Musharraf and Engineered Democracy essays President Musharraf and Engineered Democracy "To announce that there must be no criticism of the president, or that we are to stand by the president right or wrong, is not only unpatriotic and servile, but is morally treasonable to the American public." The period of the Musharraf regime in terms of the political scenario was clearly articulated by The International Crisis Group (ICG) that said that President Pervez Musharraf has been unilaterally instituting political and constitutional changes intended to ensure that generals retain the real power after the Oct 10 elections. In a latest report titled "Pakistan: Democracy needed not more military rule", the highly-reputed international group has noted that the Musharraf government is following the pattern of the country's previous military rulers of carrying out constitutional changes intended to ensure that "the generals retain the real power and any democratic transition falters before it begins." I believe that to get things going their way, the Musharraf government had started playing its cards from the very beginning. Probably, they realized that the international community was not going to stand a military regime in a country of geo-strategic importance for an extended period of time. Musharraf had to plan early, plan well and in the process stay well ahead of his adversaries. After the military coup, General Musharraf sent out a clear message to all by proclaiming himself as the Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan that he was clearly in control, and was here to stay. He started with suspending the 1973 constitution and promulgating the PCO. The judiciary was made to re-take the oath under the PCO, and Justice Irshad Hassan Khan was made the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, following the refusal of the senior judges of the Supreme Court, including Chief Justice Ajmal Mian, to retake the oath under the PCO. By installing the Chief Justic...

Dental health in nsw Essays

Dental health in nsw Essays Dental health in nsw Essay Dental health in nsw Essay I have seen on Television two studies, which are so bosom felt brought more concerns to concentrate my attending on this job for my essay in my media research links below 2/1: A Current Affair 28/2/2010 Dental shame and 2/2: Channel Nine News 2/2/2009 Reported by Kevin Wilde NSW Dental Care in Crisis seeking to convey attending to the Government the hurting and agony from Children to the Elderly sometimes taking people to taking affairs into their ain custodies to taking their ain dentition, this is doing society to take stairss rearward at least a hundred old ages where you had to take your ain dentition when Dentist where panics. To Children unable to eat solid nutrient due to the intolerable hurting. With a Health, issue like this has brought so much Media attending it leaves you to inquire what the Health Minister is making. The Federal Government blames the State Government and they merely throw it back and forwards without looking for a solution. Then it was brought to my attending besides reported on 2GB talk back Radio by Ray Hadley link below 2/3: on The Rorting of Medicare Chronic Disease Dental Scheme by Doctors and Dentist. John Howard introduced this Scheme when LIB party was in control and is seeking to be modified by Kevin Rudd in Parliament today. Therefore, this would be a great strategy merely the Medical professionals are taking advantage of this strategy for fiscal additions. This has created an up boom in society as the Public need this strategy to assist them with their chronic Dental wellness jobs. This possibly abolished from the development from Medical Practitioners to the disbursal of impacting the lives of many people. Quoted from the Herald link below 2/4 on the 11/3/2010 However, the Medicare dental strategy, introduced by the old authorities, has been associated with allegations of rorting and Medicare is look intoing claims affecting about 50 tooth doctors who may hold undertaken and been paid for work non eligible for the Medicare payment . With that, the media is conveying accusal that the Prime Minister Kevin Rudd now seems improbable to run into another large election pledge. Yet another Scheme this one was introduced by Kevin Rudd, Quoted from 2/5: NSW Health Website 1/7/2008: The Commonwealth Government promised $ 490 Million over five old ages for the Medicare Teen Dental Plan from 1 July 2008, Medicare will supply $ 150 used through either a private tooth doctor, or through public unwritten wellness service. About 57 % of the NSW population is eligible for public unwritten wellness services. from kindergartners to teenage pupils. In theory, this could hold worked if Medical Practitioners did non mistreat the strategies besides, nevertheless with all this support traveling on still leaves so many inquiries that come to mind, like the School alveolar consonant services being closed down non brought to the populaces attending. This is doing a large impact on society and increased the waiting list at the Dental infirmaries and the Oral wellness issues grow. Research Information from NSW wellness on Prime concern on Oral Health Issues Eg: Oral Cancer: ( 1 ) Oral pit malignant neoplastic disease the malignant neoplastic disease that starts in the oral cavity, which includes the lingua, liner of the cheeks, gums and dentitions, upper or lower jaw, the difficult roof of the mouth and salivary secretory organs. ( 2 ) Oropharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease the malignant neoplastic disease that starts in the oropharynx, which includes the soft roof of the mouths, the base of the lingua, uvula, and tonsils. Around two-thirds of the unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases are found in the oral cavity, while one-third are found in the throat. Oral Diseases: ( 1 ) Gingivitis is the mildest signifier of periodontic disease. It causes the gums to go ruddy, swollen, and bleed easy. There is normally small or no uncomfortableness at this phase. Gingivitis is frequently caused by unequal unwritten hygiene. ( 2 ) Periodontitis Untreated gingivitis can progress to periodontitis. With clip, plaque can distribute and turn below the gum line. Toxins produced by the bacteriums in plaque irritate the gums. The toxins stimulate a chronic inflammatory response in which the organic structure in kernel bends on itself and the tissues and bone that support the dentitions are broken down and destroyed. Gums separate from the dentition, organizing pockets ( infinites between the dentitions and gums ) that become septic. As the disease progresses, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. Often, this destructive procedure has really mild symptoms. Finally, dentitions can go loose and may hold to be removed. Mention links: 2/1: A Current Affair 28/2/2010 Dental shame hypertext transfer protocol: //video.ninemsn.com.au/video.aspx? vid=483daddf-20b4-4574-aca1-27bd14f2feb4 # : :483daddf-20b4-4574-aca1-27bd14f2feb4 2/2: Channel Nine News 2/2/2009 Reported by Kevin Wilde NSW Dental Care in Crisis hypertext transfer protocol: //video.ninemsn.com.au/video.aspx? vid=2eb72a94-223c-4397-bf3c-cfeb6269ae71 # : :2eb72a94-223c-4397-bf3c-cfeb6269ae71 2/3: 2GB Ray Hadley On Air 10/3/2010 Rorts of the Medicare Chronic Disease Dental Scheme: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.2gb.com/index2.php? option=com_newsmanager A ; task+view A ; id=+5846 2/4: SMH Newspaper reported by Mark Metherell Health Correspondent 11/3/2010: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.smh.com.au/national/another-election-promise-broken-20100310-pzee.html 2/5 NSW Health: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.health.nsw.gov.au/resources/cohs/medicare_teen_dental_plan_pdf.asp Public Oral Health services: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.health.nsw.gov.au/cohs/health_services.asp My theory to a solution is to call off the strategies traveling now and present nomadic units to rural countries and to schools. With promotion from community wireless Stationss would cut back cost in promotion. With three or more nomadic coach units as they have for chest malignant neoplastic disease testing, they could hold nomadic Dentist. It could dwell with one alumnus and two undergraduate 2 twelvemonth in Dentistry. To transport out basic dental wellness cheques and mirror dental work. With a territory bead in every 6 months to 1 twelvemonth. For schools one time a twelvemonth trip to schools could dwell with parents being present or permission faux pass to make general look into on schoolchildren and give referrals if the kid needs it. For metropolitan doing Dental apart of Medicare so it has easy entree for everyone. A minor addition to the Medicare levy would cover cost. Clem Brooks ( 2002, pp. 192-193 ) quoted This perceptual experience of household can hold powerful influences, for illustration, in political relations and wellness. In footings of policy, divorce and individual parent households can interpret as the demand for public assistance, puting an added load on the public bag. Politicians, for illustration, runing on traditional household values can significantly act upon public perceptual experiences and authorities public assistance disbursement. The assignment in 2008 by the Australian Federal Health Minister of two members of conservative ancestral Christian groups to the function of work forces s wellness embassadors caused indignation in the community as both those opposed to the assignments and those back uping the assignments engaged in a war of words. After reading Complexity and alteration in modern-day society, Activity 8 subdivision 8.6 Quoted: Health can be affected through skin ailments such as eczema, or anorexia, binge-eating syndrome, anxiousness, and so on. These factors lead to farther antisocial behavior as self-worth lessenings. I besides see how household interruption ups could impact lower incomes, which could do a fiscal load of a individual parent for Dental intervention for themselves and their kids. Which would take to take downing self deserving and do depression to impact the mental wellness of non merely the parent besides the kids as good? With the turning Numberss on school, peer force per unit area effects what you wear and how you look. I do non believe person with crooked or icky dentitions would be the design of today s kid. So this would them do the kids to retreat from societal brushs with kids in their age group. The thought was to buoy up the overload on Dental Hospitals statistics show today from Westmead Dental Hospital waiting list are still 3 to 12 months depending on the urgency I rang Westmead Dental Hospital merely to corroborate on the 12/3/2010

An Overview Of Criminal Justice Systems Assignment

An Overview Of Criminal Justice Systems - Assignment Example Prosecution and investigative powers accorded to law enforcers should not violate or abuse the rights of those who have been accused of crime (Friedman, 2003). In fact, those accused of committing crimes are protected by the law against any form of abuse from prosecution and investigatory powers (Hanes & Hanes, 2005). Therefore, criminal justice systems need to be clear and easy to understand so that they can ensure fairness and justice to all. Introduction Criminal justice has been described as the application and study of laws concerned with criminal behavior. Lawyers, the police and those working in the judiciary study criminal justice to understand the systems of criminal justice that are used in their jurisdictions. A criminal justice system is simply a set of social and legal institutions that enforce the criminal law in accordance with a predefined set of procedures, rules and limitations. ... As seen earlier, a criminal justice system consists of practices and government institutions responsible for promoting social control, mitigating and deterring crime and giving sanctions to all those who violate the law with rehabilitation efforts and criminal penalties (Guinchard & Buisson, 2011). Different jurisdictions may have different criminal justice systems but they should all be driven by the need to ensure justice and fairness prevails for all. The main objectives of any criminal justice system should be to control and mitigate crime and adequately deal with those that have been accused of committing crimes so as to protect their rights and those of other citizens (Walker, 1980). An Overview of the Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system is made up of three main parts. The first part includes the legislative which is responsible for the creation of laws to be applied within a certain jurisdiction. The second part is referred to as the adjudication and it is made up of the courts that are responsible for applying the law to decide whether a person who has been accused of committing a crime is innocent or guilty (Friedman, 2003). The third part of a criminal justice system is the corrections which comprises of correctional and custodial facilities, including probation, parole, jails and prisons. These distinct entities and agencies work together under the rule of law so as to maintain this rule of law within any given society (Walker, 1980). It is in these parts of the criminal justice system that the police, district attorney, defense council and the judges or magistrates are found. Each of these parties has their own distinct roles and responsibilities within any criminal justice system (Sunga, 2000). Investigative and

Outline on the benefits of distance learning Essay

Outline on the benefits of distance learning - Essay Example The second main topic was to present a look at distance learning from the standpoint of being independent, but not isolated. It was meant to provide a glimpse of its structure. The third main topic was in reference to the cost. This is often a major obstacle to education and I wanted to end the presentation with it. By this point they will have gotten an interest in distance learning and it was a natural next question to answer. I concluded by summarizing the main topics and highlighting the most relevant issues. I then closed by indirectly referring back to the Twain quote. This will leave the audience back on familiar ground, comfortable with the presentation, and will smooth the transition to a question and answer period. Taylor, T. H., Parker III, G. D., & Tebeaux, E. (2001). Confronting cost and pricing issues in distance education. Educause Quarterly, 16-23. Retrieved October 27, 2006, from http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/eqm0131.pdf